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Justus van Effen (21 February 1684 – 18 September 1735) was a Dutch author, who wrote chiefly in French but also made crucial contributions to Dutch literature. A journalist, he imitated ''The Spectator'' with the publication of Dutch language ''Hollandsche Spectator''. He gained international fame as a writer of French periodicals and a translator from English into French, and he is also recognized as one of the most important Dutch language writers of the 18th century and an influential figure of the Dutch Enlightenment.〔(Dutch literature ), Cambridge Encyclopedia Vol. 21〕〔Joost Kloek,(Justus van Effen ), Oxford Encyclopedia of Enlightenment, 1 January 2008.〕〔〔〔John Christian Laursen, Johan van der Zande, Élie Luzac, Karl Friedrich Bahrdt, ''Early French and German defenses of freedom of the press: Elie Luzac's essay on Freedom of expression, 1749 and Carl Friedrich Bahrdt's On freedom of the press and its limits, 1787 in English translation'', BRILL, 2003, ISBN 90-04-13017-9, (Google Print, p.12 )〕〔 ==Life and works== He was born in Utrecht, the second child of Melchior and Maria van Effen. Justus van Effen planned a scholarly career, and around 1699 he began his studies at the University of Utrecht, but after the early death of his father (on 6 May 1706) he was forced to became a private tutor, taking responsibilities for his mother and sister.〔〔 He had made acquaintances among French émigrés, in connection with whom he began literary life in 1713 by editing a French journal.〔(Dutch literature ), Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition (1911)〕〔 From 1715 to 1727 he was a secretary at the Netherlands embassy in London, where he also became a member of the Royal Society,〔 and later, served as a clerk in the Dutch government warehouses (1732).〔(Justus van Effen ). (2010). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 January 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online〕 What gained him fame, however, were his literary and journalistic endeavours.〔 A translator from English to French, he translated Swift's "Tale of a Tub" into Dutch and Defoe's ''Robinson Crusoe'', and is credited with a significant influence in the bringing of English literature to continental Europe.〔Harold W. Streeter, ''The Eighteenth Century English Novel in French Translation'', Ayer Publishing, 1972, ISBN 0-405-09011-0, (Google Print, p.13-14 )〕〔〔Charles Ralph Boxer, ''The Dutch seaborne empire, 1600-1800'', Taylor & Francis, 1977, ISBN 0-09-131051-2, (Google Print, p.186 )〕 An enthusiast for English periodicals, and in particular, the ''The Spectator'' of Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, soon after first issues of The Spectator he launched ''Le Misanthrope'' (1711–1712) (a widely read journal referred to as "the first moralist periodical on the continent"),〔〔 ''Le Bagatelle'' (1718–1719), ''Le Spectateur Français'' (1725) and then in his native language, the ''Hollandsche Spectator'' (1731–1735).〔〔A.J. Hanou, (Dutch periodicals from 1697 to 1721: in imitation of the English? )〕 The ''Hollandsche Spectator'' was one of the most notable papers inspired by ''The Spectator''. Its topics consisted of everything a coffeehouse audience would be interested in: politics, religion and morality, fashion, and humor. Socially conservative, written in a pleasing tone and style, it raised important issues, questioning the reasons behind the waning position of the Dutch Republic on the international scene, and served as literary and moral guide for the bourgeoisie.〔Martin Fitzpatrick, ''The Enlightenment world'', Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-21575-7, (Print, p.101 )〕 The ''Hollandsche Spectator'' is considered one of the achievements of the late 18th century Dutch literature, and an inspiration to much Dutch journalism and literature.〔〔〔Joris van Eijnatten, ''Liberty and concord in the United Provinces: religious toleration and the public in the eighteenth-century Netherlands'', BRILL, 2003, 9004128433, (Google Print, p.418-419 )〕〔〔〔Willem Frijhoff, Marijke Spies, ''Dutch Culture in a European Perspective: 1800, blueprints for a national community / Joost Kloek and Wijnand Mijnhardt with the collaboration of Eveline Koolhaas-Grosfeld'', Uitgeverij Van Gorcum, 2004, ISBN 90-232-3964-4, (Google Print, p.394 )〕〔Willem Frijhoff, Marijke Spies, ''Dutch Culture in a European Perspective: 1800, blueprints for a national community / Joost Kloek and Wijnand Mijnhardt with the collaboration of Eveline Koolhaas-Grosfeld'', Uitgeverij Van Gorcum, 2004, ISBN 90-232-3964-4,(Google Print, p.150 )〕〔Hanna Barker, Simon Burrows, ''Press, Politics and the Public Sphere in Europe and North America, 1760-1820'', Cambridge University Press, 2002,, (Google Print, p.53 )〕〔Cornelis W. Schoneveld, ''Sea-changes: studies in three centuries of Anglo-Dutch cultural transmission'', Rodopi, 1996, ISBN 90-420-0077-5, (Google Print, p.84 )〕〔〔Theo Hermans, ''A Literary History of the Low Countries'', Camden House, 2009, ISBN 1-57113-293-7, (Google Print, p.312 )〕 Van Effen died in 's-Hertogenbosch, aged 51. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Justus van Effen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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